One-step fabrication of highly self-hydroxylated TiO2 mesocrystals and photocatalytic behavior towards water splitting

TiO₂ mesocrystals have been considered as an efficient photocatalyst due to the effective charge transport. Introducing hydroxyls in TiO₂ is respected to reduce the energy barrier of hydrogen formation. Herein, a simple one-step fabrication of highly self-hydroxylated TiO₂ mesocrystals (MCs) for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is proposed. TiO₂ single crystals (SCs), polycrystals (PCs) and MCs are obtained via regulating the pH of the precursor during hydrothermal treatment. Results indicate that the moderate alkaline condition is favorable for the synthesis of highly self-hydroxylated TiO₂ MCs. Compared with SCs, PCs and commercial P25 TiO₂ nanoparticles, MCs exhibit the best photocatalytic activity in H₂ evolution. Specifically, the maximum hydrogen evolution rate under solar light illumination (22.8 mmol/h/g) is 10.5 times higher than that of P25. Moreover, the MCs exhibit excellent catalytic stability and the hydrogen evolution rate can be maintained at 20.8 mmol/h/g under solar illumination after five cycles of reactions. The highly self-hydroxylated TiO₂ MCs are constructed from crystallographically oriented nanocrystals with abundant hydroxyls. The unique superstructure and large surface area of MCs enable the effective charge separation and transport. Moreover, the high density of hydroxyls can reduce the recombination rate of photo-generated free charges and energy barrier for hydrogen formation while facilitate light absorption. The synthesis of highly self-hydroxylated TiO₂ MCs and the underlying mechanism offer interesting insights for modifying the structure and properties of TiO₂ towards high-performance hydrogen evolution.     

α-Bi2O3/β-Ni(OH)2 composites: Effective solar light photocatalysts for organic pollutants degradation

α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites exhibited perfect photocatalytic properties for organic pollutants degradation under sunlight irradiation. Pure α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ were prepared by coprecipitation method and then mechanically mixed in different proportions to form α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites. The XRD and FTIR analyses have well emphasized the formation of monoclinic α-Bi₂O₃ and hexagonal β-Ni(OH)₂ phases with high crystallinity. The SEM micrographs of α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ powders displayed a rod and sheet shaped grains, respectively. The band gap of the pure α-Bi₂O₃ was estimated to be 2.87 eV. Pure β-Ni(OH)₂ revealed three absorption bands in the UV–visible light region. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites have a more intense absorption in the visible light region compared to pure α-Bi₂O₃ sample. Modification of α-Bi₂O₃ by β-Ni(OH)₂ induced a superior photocatalytic activity especially at β-Ni(OH)₂ content of 12 wt% in α-Bi₂O₃ (BN-12 composite). This composite showed high efficiencies of 99%, 96%, 91% and 90% for methylene blue, Congo red, methyl orange and 4-niropheniol degradation in 80, 80, 180 and 300 min under sunlight irradiation, respectively. The remarkable photocatalytic activity of the α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite was attributed to the new states in charge separation, charge transportation and the intensive absorption of visible light. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite (BN-12) has a great potential in removing of cationic and anionic dyes beside phenolic compounds from wastewater.     

Composite fibers of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ-LaSrCoO4±δ with high catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction

To promote catalytic activity toward oxygen-reduction reaction in the intermediate temperature solid-oxide fuel cells, we prepared a dual-phase composite cathode material 75 mol%La0.5Sr0.5CoO_3-δ-LaSrCoO_4±δ with a fibrous structure via one-pot electrospinning of a polymer containing solution. We then investigated the micro-structure and electrochemical performance of this fibrous composite. The results confirm that the fibrous composite is composed of intimately mixed nano-crystalline grains and that the compositional phases are compatible with each other. Compared with the corresponding single-phase fibers, the nano-crystalline size of the composite is more stable, and the fine nano-crystalline grains are more resistant to growth and coarsening, indicating the mutual dispersion and suppression between the constituent phases. Furthermore, compared with the corresponding single-phase fibers, the electrochemical performance of this fibrous composite cathode is more favorable. At 800 °C, its area specific resistance (ASR) is as low as 0.03 Ω cm², and maximum output power density is as high as 960 mW cm⁻², which is achieved from an electrolyte-supported single cell that was developed using this cathode. After aging this cathode for a long time, ASR is less worsened and the output power density decreases only slightly, indicating that the prolonged electrochemical performance in the running cells is more stable.     

高粘度流体横掠麻面管的传热与流动特性研究

采用三维数值模拟方法,研究不同Re(381、572、763、954、1144)下凹坑直径d(1.8、2.0和2.2 mm)、深度h(0.9、1.0和1.1 mm)、轴向距离p(10、12和14 mm)、周向距离l(5.236、6.283和7.854 mm)与布置型式(叉排、顺排)对高粘度润滑油横掠麻面管流动与传热的影响。结果表明:外壁周期性凹坑的存在使得麻面管油侧换热增强,同时减阻效果明显;相比于光管,当Re=381～1 144时,麻面管油侧Nu增加了28.6%～55.4%,阻力系数f减小了0.59%～26.9%,综合换热性能指标η为1.05～1.59。     

Nitrogen oxides reduction by liquid petroleum gas over Co–Ce–Ti catalysts in a simulated rotary reactor

Hydrocarbons could be used as the reductant for elimination of NO_x emissions. Liquid petroleum gas, with higher carbon hydrocarbons and cheaper costs, may be of practical value as reducing agents. Due to the consumption of hydrocarbons by oxygen, the NO_x reduction efficiency is significantly inhibited by oxygen in the flue gas. In this research, a novel rotary reactor, realizing the alternating cycle of adsorption zone and reduction zone, was proposed to overcome this negative effect. Co–Ce–Ti mixed oxide catalysts synthesized by a sol–gel method were tested in a simulated rotary reactor for NO_x removal by liquid petroleum gas and characterized by SEM, BET, XRD and XPS. The results showed that catalysts exhibited better NO conversion efficiency at higher temperature but were highly susceptible to oxygen. Catalysts achieved nearly full removal of NO_x from flue gas at 300 °C in a simulated rotary reactor, and 300 °C is considered to be the most optimum temperature with lower energy consumption and excellent flue gas purification performance.     

Size-controlled synthesis of Mo powders via hydrogen reduction of MoO2 powders with the assistance of Mo nuclei

The size-controlled preparation of Mo powders is always a challenge and important task in the molybdenum metallurgy. In the current study, Mo powders with controllable sizes are synthesized by hydrogen reduction of MoO₂ powders with the assistance of Mo nuclei in the range of 900–1100 °C. The influences of the particle sizes of Mo nuclei, the additive amount as well as reaction temperature on the morphology and particle sizes of the final products are studied. For the hydrogen reduction of MoO₂ without any additive, the obtained Mo powders always have large particle sizes. However, the addition of small amounts of nuclei in MoO₂ can help Mo nucleate dispersedly, and the growth of Mo could be also controlled by adjusting the sizes of added nuclei, amount of addition and the reaction temperature. With the addition of Mo nuclei, the different sizes of Mo powders with the good dispersity can be prepared. As adding commercial Mo powders with the particle size of about 2.03 μm, the micron-sized Mo powders ranged from 2.11 μm to 3.25 μm could be prepared. While for the case of adding ultrafine Mo nuclei of about 170 nm, Mo powders from 0.28 μm to 0.88 μm can be obtained. Moreover, the more the amounts of nuclei added and the lower the reaction temperature (in the range of 900–1100 °C) is, the smaller the particle size of the prepared Mo powder will be. The current method is a facile and feasible method, and is potential to be used for industrial production of Mo powder with controllable particle sizes.     

Drag Reduction by Wormlike Micelles of a Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Surfactants

This study describes the effects of wormlike micelles formed by the commercial surfactants tallowalkylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide (Aromox APA-TW) and oleyl methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride (Ethoquad O/12) as drag reducers. Ethoquad O/12 is immune to degradation by heat and microorganisms. Conversely, Aromox APA-TW is biodegradable in the environment, and its susceptibility to heat-induced degradation was previously assessed. This work considers the effects of temperature, salt, and time on the drag-reduction capacity (in different Reynolds number) of wormlike micelles of these two surfactants. Wormlike micelles formed by Aromox APA-TW are able to reduce drag at higher temperatures compared to wormlike micelles formed by Ethoquad O/12. However, Aromox APA-TW can degrade after being heated to 80 °C and also after storage of the wormlike micelle solutions. Ethoquad O/12 does not undergo degradation after being heated or stored. These surfactants have the potential to be used as additives in industrial operations, as the wormlike micelles formed are able to reduce drag in systems with long pumping distances or recirculation, even in solutions with high salt concentrations (brine) and high temperatures.     

煤与不同原料重整气化制甲醇对CO2排放的影响

通过介绍煤制甲醇对整个煤化工行业CO2排放的影响,选择以煤制甲醇工艺CO2排放为研究对象,分别叙述了煤气化制合成气,煤与天然气、煤与焦炉气以及煤与重质油重整气化制合成气联合生产甲醇过程中,吨甲醇产品工艺CO2排放情况,探讨不同煤气化形式对工艺CO2排放的影响因素,为如何通过气化工艺选型,降低煤制甲醇生产过程中工艺CO2排放量提供理论判断依据。     

节能减排的颜料印染与助剂(一)

颜料印染对当前印染行业节能减排,降低能耗很有意义,但要做到对纤维没有亲和力的颜料印染,必需制备润湿性、分散性良好的超细颜料粒子。重点阐述利用各种表面活性剂和助剂制备出一种包覆阴离子的超细粒子的稳定分散液,包括各种润湿剂、分散剂、黏合剂和纤维阳离子改性剂,还概述了相关基础理论。     

1 200 MPa级冷轧先进高强钢轧制稳定性的分析及控制

针对1 200 MPa级冷轧先进高强钢轧制不稳定问题,对热轧原料组织性能均匀性、冷轧压缩比、冷连轧机组轧制策略等进行了分析。结果表明,热轧工序投入边部加热器,采用分段冷却等手段,可有效降低热轧原料头尾部组织性能差异,保证通卷性能均匀,进而保证通卷轧制过程稳定;通过优化冷连轧机组压缩比,可有效降低材料本身的加工硬化强度,进而避免连轧机组后面机架的轧制超负荷情况;通过优化冷连轧机组轧制策略,可保证轧制过程中各机架均匀变形,避免出现轧制力差异较大的情况,进而保证轧制过程稳定。采用上述措施,1 200 MPa级冷轧先进高强钢轧制力控制在约15 000 kN,厚度精度控制在±0.06 mm以内,可保证该级别高强钢的稳定轧制。